Is The Best Method For Development Sustainable Development...

Introduction The main question to be addressed in this paper pertains to the notion that the best method for development is to set clear, measurable goals such as the Millennium Development Goals. In particular, I will first discuss the arguments supporting and questioning this assertion from a number of authors. I will then consider the question of whether or not this model should be replicated for the next generation of efforts, which are starting to become known as the Sustainable Development Goals. Overall, I will argue that, while it is true that there are benefits to setting clear, measurable targets in terms of engagement, there are significant costs associated with this model that must be considered, particularly going forward.†¦show more content†¦According to the 2014/2015 Global Monitoring Report released by The World Bank and the IMF, â€Å"Estimates for the developing world indicate that the targets for extreme poverty reduction (MDG 1.a), access to safe drinking water (MDG 7.c) and improving the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers (MDG 7.d) have been reached ahead of the 2015 deadline. The targets on gender equality in primary and secondary education and the incidence of malaria are projected to be met by 2015.† In their paper entitled â€Å"The Millennium Development Goals and Post-2015: Squaring the Circle,† Carin and Bates-Eamer argue that â€Å"purely aspirational goals are not enough. †¦ Indicators are critical to measure starting points and what needs to be done. People and organizations respond to the incentive embodied in the indicators that measure their performance.† In addition, the concept of clear, measurable targets was inherent in two out of the three strengths of the MDGs laid out by Jeffrey Sachs: first in his statement that â€Å"the MDGs were reasonably easy to state – eight simple goals that fitted well on one poster!† and secondly in his assessment that the MDGs â€Å"could be pursued through practical and specific measures adopted by governments, businesses, and civil societies worldwide.† Overall, these authors have all argued that the use of clear, measurable targets has contributed to the success and the longevity of the Mil lennium Development Goals by providing incentives and

My Interpretation of Dogs Death - 709 Words

My Interpretation of â€Å"Dogs Death† Judith McBride ENG 125: Introduction to Literature Instructor: Hannah Martin January 21, 2013 The literary work that captured my interest was â€Å"Dog’s Death† written by John Updike in 1958. Updike was â€Å"widely recognized as one of the most accomplished and prolific stylists of his generation, Updike has emerged as a short-story writer and novelist of major importance in American letters† (Parks, J., Peck, D., 2006). He was born on March 18, 1932 in Reading, Pennsylvania and died on January 27, 2009 in Danvers, Massachusetts. In my essay I will explain why I choose this poem, which analytical approach I am going to be using along with evaluating the meaning of the selection Dogs Death and why it†¦show more content†¦The idea that she was hurt was not enough to deter her from her desire to please her owners. She was able to drag herself to the newspaper with the knowledge that she was going to receive the praise she craved. References Clugston, R. W. (2010). Journey into literature. San Diego, California: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Parks, J. D., Peck, D. (2006). John Updike. Magill’s Survey of American Literature, Revised Edition; September 2006, p1-14 Retrieved January 20, 2012, from Literary Reference CenterShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book My Kid s Dog By Ron Hansen917 Words   |  4 Pagesauthor describes the distinctive nature or features of a particular character. A character is often characterized by their own dialogue, actions, thoughts, appearance, and interpretation by the author or by other characters in the story. Through these methods, an author can really bring their characters to life for the reader. In â€Å"My Kid’s Dog,† Ron Hansen uses these methods to bring all his characters to life. 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For Reasons Unknown Free Essays

They are framed within the situation. However, the problem of Vladimir and Estrange in Waiting for God begins with their world and themselves. In fact, it is the beginning Of the play as well. We will write a custom essay sample on For Reasons Unknown or any similar topic only for you Order Now They cannot realize the world nor can they realize themselves-?a characteristic of the typical absurdity as defined by Albert Campus in The Myth of Sisyphus. Like Campus in The Myth of Sisyphus, Go and Did do not know whether God exists or not. Their world without certainty promises only despair. They find a universe without moral restraint, so the universe is meaningless. The characters in the mentioned plays of Becket, Waiting for God and Act Without Words l, are condemned to move within the fixed framework of futility and hopeless labor. In The Myth of Sisyphus Campus observes: I see many people die because they judge that life is not worth living. See others paradoxically getting killed for the ideas or illusions that give them a reason for living (what is called a reason for living is also an excellent reason for dying). 1 Actually, Vladimir and Go have no reason to live nor have they any reason to commit suicide. They have a world which cannot be related with their idea of the past. They are driven by a nostalgic longing for the past that is unexplainable through the present. As Did says: the good of losing heart now, that’s what say. We should have thought of it a million years ago, in the nineties. 2 Moreover, they have a present that is inexplicable through their idealism. Sago’s boot, Dido’s hat, the tree, the place, the day, Lucky and Bozo, the boy (or boys) and at last, God-?everything is incomprehensible to them. As a matter of fact, they are captured in the frame of their situation. Hence, for hanging themselves, the iris problem to Go and Did is the lack of rope and strong tree, that is, the devices and tools of committing suicide are absent here. Secondly, they cannot leave each other. If one hangs oneself successfully, whereas the other cannot, the other will remain lonely. So, they mar their plan of committing suicide. Thinking and talking of suicide, even trying it, may be a vision to them. It may be a way to pass the time. In fact, never do Vladimir and Estrange in Waiting for God think of suicide in a realistic context-?though suicide might have been an escape from the ennui Of life. Throughout the lay Vladimir and Estrange invent many devices to prove their existence and to pass the time. Taking off boots, Vladimir problem with his hat, their effort to commit suicide, their waiting for God-?all gives way to passing their time. It is an interesting fact that Vladimir and Estrange never search for other devices and processes for committing suicide. Maybe, a knife, a pistol, and starvation could suffice their purpose. Even, when they observe Lucky driven by rope, they forget all about it. They might have taken the rope forcibly for hanging themselves. In the second act it is easier for them to snatch it cause Bozo is blind and both of the two are helpless here. Moreover, they forget about when the devices are before them. In reality, they are not serious about killing themselves. They are only thinking of it, as many poets thought about and loved to die in imagination, but never committed suicide. Suicide for them, therefore, is just another diversion of fantasy. It is a strong consolation; it helps them to forget the boredom of everyday life where nothing can be done at all. They find it impossible for the two to kill themselves. They first realize that the only tree in their world, a weeping Lillo, will not support Vladimir weight on the noose and therefore will not break his neck. The second day, Vladimir and Estrange cannot hang themselves because they do not have the requisite piece of rope. By the second day, however, they have forgotten that they cannot hang themselves from the only available tree, and therefore their complaints about the lack of a suitable piece of rope are unnecessary. They observe a world that is devoid of the tools required for committing suicide. Accordingly they come, again and again, to the realization of nothing-to-be-done. Suicide might have been n end to this meaningless absurd life. They contemplate about hanging themselves on the tree. Suicide can be thought of the ultimate conclusion to a meaningless life. Campus claims that suicide is an attempt to escape from the consciousness of absurdity. But ultimately Campus proposes man to live. They do not commit suicide physically, yet they surrender to the captured situation. Whatever they do is to give the impression that they exist. But this sort of existence only calls for pity. Hanging from the tree would have proved that they have the guts at least to do something. This ontological problem is, no doubt, the main issue of the play. They are indecisive whether to go on this nothing-to-be-done life or to commit suicide. They are tired of living (Estrange says: I’m tired breathing. 3), yet they come to the realization that ‘To be dead is not enough’. 4 They have no doubt that they are living beings. But they need a meaning to exist. So their realization will never let them commit suicide, rather they will be waiting for God until he comes. Again, their view of life is not to resign from life but to resume it. Vladimir, at the very outset of he play, clarifies it: â€Å"All my life I’ve tried to put it [Nothing to be done] from me, saying, Vladimir, be reasonable, you haven’t yet tried everything. And I resumed the struggle. â€Å"5 After some time Go comments that Did always waits till the last moment. The big nothingness in their world has nothing to do with their life. They are hopeful in the depth of their minds of a bright future. So, Did says in the end of the first act, â€Å"Tomorrow everything will be better That is why they notice that the tree has sprouted leaves in the second act. Whether one says that in the two acts in the play nothing appends Nice or everything happens twice, Vladimir and Estrange are sentenced on the stage (symbolic of the life itself). They cannot escape it. They are habituated to such absurd life-?to talk, to eat, to wait and to live an meaningless life. Campus rightly puts it: â€Å"We get into the habit of living before acquiring the habit of thinking. ‘7 In this way all the character hopes to carry on living. Moreover, suicide itself may be considered as a vigorous aspect of life. When Go reminds Did of their plan of hanging, Did tells him that it them an erection. Suicide is considered in sexual term here. Though suicide as a sexual term may seem to be funny, it is, in fact, their view of life. They never consider suicide as the annihilation of life; rather their thought of suicide strengthens their bond and increases their yearning to live, as sexuality begets new life. In the mime play, Act without Words l, the only character is captured in the dust, symbolic of the uncomfortable life. In the beginning the man is seen trying to escape from this captured life, but he never can-?he is repeatedly thrown in the dust whenever he tries to escape. Gradually he becomes hopeless to flee, and surrenders himself to the taxation. In this play we find several steps. The entire action of the play takes place in a desert under the scorching sun, suggested by ‘dazzling light’. The unnamed man is directed by a whistle to move right or left. He can never escape the unbearable sun, though he is given a tree for shade. When he becomes intolerably thirsty he is shown water. But whenever he wants to catch it, it is lifted up somehow. He is forced to go without food and drink. The play seems a behaviorism experiment within the framework of the Greek classical myth of Tantalus, who stood in a pool of water which receded every mime he bent to drink it, and stood under a fruit tree which raised its branches every time he reached for food. The mythical Tantalus was punished for his own act. Whereas Godson’s existence remains uncertain, in Act Without Words there is a God-like force, represented by a sharp whistle which will not permit the man to leave. The play is a parable of resignation from life; a condition one reaches only after a series of disappointments. The man has learned hardship that there is nothing he can depend on in life other than himself, even to commit suicide. Interestingly he cannot commit suicide also. Unlike Vladimir and Estrange, he has all the tools to kill himself-?tree, rope and noose, and box to stand on it. Yet he cannot commit suicide because whenever he needs the tools they somehow become unreachable. As a result, he has to submit to the situation without any effort to live or die. In this dumb show the man is not allowed to commit suicide, yet he is not allowed to be living. He is only granted inertia. AY last he is seen to lose hope to quench his thirst with water in the carafe. He remains defeated, having opted out Of the struggle. We observe here a man in frustrated efforts. The man in Act Without Words I possesses only two natural tools, mind and hands, which distinguish him from other animals, he tries to survive, to secure some water in the desert. The mind works, at least in part: he learns – small cube on large; he invents, or is given inventions – scissors, cubes, rope; he reacts and tries to end his life. But when he learns to use his tools effectively, they are confiscated: the scissors, when he reasons that in addition to cutting his fingernails, he might cut his throat; the blocks and rope, when he discovers that they might make a gallows. However, the man’s effort to commit suicide s not a vision, rather he tries to escape a life that seems to be a nightmare. Yet he is seized in ‘no-exit’ situation. How to cite For Reasons Unknown, Papers

Revolution in France Who Benefited Most From The Essay Example For Students

Revolution in France: Who Benefited Most From The Essay Collapse Of The Ancien Regime?The Ancien Regime (French for Old Order) was the way society was run, in a period in French history occurring before the French Revolution (1789 1799). France was ruled by an absolute monarchy (a system where the king was classed as divine an infallible role) King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. The French society was separated into classes or Estates. The first Estate was the Clergy who were extremely rich. There were about 100,000 of these people. They had control over censorship of the press and of educational institutions Their wealth came from the Roman Catholic Church, which was made up of the upper and lower Estates. The upper, Bishops and Abbots who had the authority and the lower, Priests and Monks who had a modest income and had no say in church affairs. The Second Estate was the Aristocracy or Nobility, which was made up of about 400,000 people. They owned 20% of all the land in France and paid no taxes. They were very wealthy and enjoyed a carefree life. Their only grievance was the power that the First Estate held. The Second Estate were the men who held positions in the government. They were also exempt from taxes. The special concern of the Second Estate was to see that the King did not introduce tax reform. They wanted more political power to make sure events like this did not happen. While they denounced the monarchys absolutism they wanted to set up their own form of it. The third and largest Estate was made up of the Bourgeoisie (educated and privileged middle class) and the Serfs (peasants). The King and the Aristocracy enjoyed parties, banquets and tax exemptions, while the Bourgeoisie and serfs had to pay heavy taxes. Many of the serfs died from starvation and the living suffered under enormous financial hardships. The Third Estate had no success in voting because of the differing opinions about the tax system between them and the Second Estate. The Third Estate despised the privileges of the Second Estate and hated the tax system, which involved only themselves, the majority, paying the heavy taxes. There was a huge need amongst the Third Estate, who represented the people of France for tax reform. The Second Estate worsened this situation because they were determined not to give up their tax concessions. This was a big problem for Louis and his advisors. King Louis and his wife Marie Antoinette were running the country into massive debt due to extravagance and ignorance. They needed the revenue that the Third Estate provided and yet the King was eager to have the Second Estate as his allies and did not want to displease them. Louiss chief financial advisor, Turgot knew that France desperately needed tax reform. The country couldnt continue to run in deficit, due to the debt that Louis had forced them into, because of Louiss fear of upsetting the Second Estate. Turgot was forcibly dismissed from court, due to Marie Antoinet tes detest for him. Neckers became the new financial advisor, and because of what happened to Turgot, Neckers was also fearful of advising any tax reform that would be too radical. Instead, Neckers brought in a loans repayment scheme, which brought France further and further into debt. Louis, being a weak king, recognized the power that the Second Estate had upon him so he did not want to upset them. All, because of the sheer size and beauty of Versailles, could see the overspending of the court. Eventually, the government became bankrupt. Under Louis XIV and Louis XV, France had gone to war several times. They had not gained any territory and had been humiliated. The worst war was the Seven Years War leaving France economically drained. Louis and Neckers involvement with the American War against England further worsened the economy and yet they still refused to tax the Second Estate. America was fighting for freedom against the harsh tax system that Britain had enforced upon them. The Bourgeoisie, whom many were soldiers in this war, could see that they were in a similar situation to the Americans, but this tyranny was from within their own country. The Americans, were fighting for the right of no taxation without representation, the right to bear arms against tyranny, the basic right of freedom that was only for the rich and noble, and that a Republic was superior to a Monarchy. The Bourgeoisies, who were businessmen, philosophers, lawyers and other educated men, began to expand on these new ideas. Any business expansion that occurred in France was met with increased taxes. These taxes were the unhappy responsibility of the Third Estate alone. The Bourgeoisie favoured a uniform tax system. People like Voltaire and Rousseau and others combined with new theories presented a new idea of a liberal society that thrived with free commerce. This period was called the Age of Enlightenment. What is the status of ethics in management? This i EssayOn October 5th 1789, 7000 starving people marched on the court at Versailles to ask the King for some bread. They camped outside the palace. That night some women broke into the palace and attempted to kill Marie Antoinette. She escaped and ran to the Kings room but was untouched because the King was still considered sacred. Lafayette then prevented any bloodshed by promising that the King would return with the mob to Paris. This is where Louis XVI became a virtual prisoner in the Palace of Tuileries. The Ancien Regime had collapsed. The Bourgeoisie benefited most from the collapse of the Ancien Regime because they seized an opportunity handed to them on a platter. They were the enlightened, educated ones and the action takers. While the King and the First and Second Estates were distracted trying to hold on to the past and their power and money, they underestimated the power of the common people, the peasants. The Third Estate knew that the serfs were starving under the heavy taxes and were discontent under the class system. They also knew that they could tap into the force that the serfs held by being the majority in France. With the power of majority over minority, they took over France. They promised bread to the starving and had ideas of creating a country where you could achieve high status, which disregarded your parentage. An improved France, free of Absolute Monarchists, Anarchists and Nobility. The other Estates could not rise over them was because they were the minority and did not have the support of the masses that the Bourgeoisie could command. The peasants benefited somewhat with the abolishment of taxes, yet even if they were still starving and lashed out, the Bourgeoisie now had a force to contain them. The Bourgeoisie formed the National Assembly, a National Guard, a new constitution, the Declaration of Rights to Men, power over the masses, power over the King, the elimination of tax exemptions, elimination of classes, elimination of tolls and pensions, elimination of feudal dues and tithes. The Bourgeoisie had power, had abolished the taxes that they were loathe to pay and had placed themselves in high positions of power to rule France, with the King a virtual prisoner in his own country.